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Putting Limits on the Diversity of Life

Fernando Castro-Chavez suggests that the working Principles are:

1. Life can only be originated from Life (based on the work of Louis Pasteur, founder of microbiology, against "spontaneous generation", against "abiogenesis").

2. Organisms can only originate similar organisms (based on the work of Gregor Mendel, founder of genetics through his "Laws of Heredity", against a random and unlimited variation between organisms).

The working Equations are:

1-) Genes + Environment = Restrained Variation

2-) P1 + P2 = F1 Fertile {If... Then, corollary: P1 and P2 are varieties of the same Kind or Genos, no matter how morphologically different they may appear. Example: Chihuahua dog and Saint Bernard Dog}

3-) P1 + P2 = F1 Sterile {If... Then, corollary: P1 and P2 are members of a different Kind or Genos, no matter how morphologically similar they may appear. Example: Horse and Ass}

Limiting first, the classification of 'True Species' ('Kind') to organisms that can have fertile offspring, some examples are provided.

Useful Link:

Research on Intelligent Design


fdocc at yahoo dot com

Using the same principles illustrated on "Adaptive Comparisons of Cave Animals": "closely related Mexican cave fish and a widespread surface form are so similar that some scientists think all may be subspecies of the same animal... [and that they] can interbreed, and residents of some caves show all degrees of eye and pigment degeneration", and the same can be said for the rest of varieties of organisms presented there:

http://www.geocities.com/kubyimm3/adap1.htm

Intelligent Design to Generate Biodiversity, by Fernando Castro-Chavez. Abstract: The classic work of Mendel on the precise inheritance of characters demonstrated an Intelligent Design behind the Laws of Heredity. Those Laws can be linked now to our modern knowledge of molecular biology to provide a clearer account of the molecular basis and limits to biological change as well as to generate biodiversity:

http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000553.html

HybriDatabase. An internet searchable database of published references to interspecific hybridization records, started in 1996 by Ashley Robinson and Todd Wood; the Center for Origins Research (CORE), at the Bryan College, hosts and maintains this database, which contained nearly 5000 hybrid records in Jan 24 2005):

http://www.bryancore.org/hdb/index.html

The "HybriDatabase" was designed for the study of "Baraminology" (two Hebrew words, bara and min , the created kind of Genesis 1:11,12,21,24,25. Frank Lewis Marsh in 1941 proposed that "the ability to reproduce was the hallmark of animals or plants that descended from the same Baramin"). This "Creation Biosystematics" was founded in 1990 by Kurt Wise:

http://www.bryan.edu/771.html


Examples:

1-
Laupala, a group of forest-dwelling Hawaiian crickets: "acoustic variants can interbreed and hybridize" http://www.life.umd.edu/biology/faculty/shaw
"Reproductive groups whose members are all more likely to interbreed with one another than with any individuals outside said group. Thus acoustic variation in Laupala is thought to be "species" specific" http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3bio422/BEN%20MACARZ.htm
More than 150 varieties from a single pair of genetic colonizers. to see a plate from Otte's book showing Hawaiian crickets and a picture of a semi-transparent Cave Cricket, photo by Bill Mull: http://www.hawaii-forest.com/essays/9902.html
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Cichlid species in Lake Victoria are extremely variable, displaying 500 color morphs... in recent years, human activity has caused the water of Lake Victoria to become cloudy. In these areas, the cichlids can't differentiate between species. In these cloudy areas, bright color morphs have disappeared and the fish have become similar and dull in appearance through hybridization (Seehausen et al. 1997).
http://www.cichlidae.com/articles/a110.html (broken link, see reference below)
Cichlids in
Africa "produce viable, fertile hybrids":
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11298988
Turner GF, Seehausen O, Knight ME, Allender CJ, Robinson RL. How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? Mol Ecol. 2001 Mar;10(3):793-806.
http://www.hull.ac.uk/cichlids/GFTspp.pdf
From this article:
"...many taxa, including many which occur sympatrically and do not interbreed in nature, produce viable, fertile hybrids."
"We have produced intergeneric hybrids of
Lake Victoria cichlids (Pundamilia x Platytaeniodus) that have not shown any evidence of loss of viability or fertility up to the 5th generation. Sympatric species that do not interbreed in nature will sometimes hybridize under 'no choice' (NC) conditions in the laboratory (Seehausen et al. 1997; Knight et al. 1998).
References:
Seehausen O, van Alphen JJM, Witte F (1997) Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science, 277, 1808-11.
Knight ME, Turner GF, Rico C, van Oppen MJH, Hewitt GM (1998) Microsatellite paternity analysis on captive
Lake Malawi cichlids supports reproductive isolation by direct mate choice. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1605-10.
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More on this:
"...mbuna [rockdweller cichlid] will hybridize under artificial conditions (McElroy, D. M. & Kornfield, I. (1993) Copeia 1993, 933-945)... We cannot rule out a role for hybridization..."
From:
R. C. Albertson, J. A. Markert, P. D. Danley, and T. D. Kocherdagger. Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of
Lake Malawi, East Africa. PNAS Vol. 96, Issue 9, 5107-5110, April 27, 1999
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/9/5107
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And More:
"We first estimated the effective number of genetic factors controlling differences in the cichlid head through a comprehensive morphological assessment of two Lake Malawi cichlid species and their F1 and F2 hybrid progeny."
http://hcgs.unh.edu/CichlidEvol/CichlidEvol.html

[Here again, there is one true species with limitless varieties, with limitless sub-species]
Cichlid Pictures: http://www.accuracyingenesis.com/kind.html
http://www.cichlids.com/gallery
http://www.hull.ac.uk/cichlids/mbuna_gallery.html
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Dolphin and false killer whale: There has been one case of a female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and a male false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) producing a fertile female hybrid that has been called a wholphin. She went on to breed with a dolphin and produced a daughter: In 1985, in the
Hawaii's Sea Life Park. Since the offspring in this case are fertile these two genera are really, by definition, a single polytypic biological species [Other members in the group (12 living 'genera') are much more alike than the two that produced the offspring in Hawaii]
http://www.geocities.com/plin9k/dolphins.jpg
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"in the order Cetacea, there appears to be few, if any, postcopulatory species isolating mechanisms as successful hybridization between many species, genera, and even sub-families have been recorded, (e.g., Fraser 1940; Nishiwaki and Tobayama 1982; Reyes 1996)."
Taken from:
MacLeod, C. D. 2000. Species Recognition as a Possible Function for Variations in Position and Shape of the Sexually Dimorphic Tusks of Mesoplodon Whales. Evolution, 54(6):2171-3
References:
Fraser, F. C. 1940. Three anomalous dolphins from
Blacksod Bay, Ireland. Proc. R. Irish Acad. 45(B):413-455.
Nishiwaki, M., and T. Tobayama. 1982. Morphological study on the hybrid between Tursiops and Pseudorca. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.
Tokyo 34:109-121.
Reyes, J. C. 1996. A possible case of hybridisation in wild dolphins. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12:301-307.
http://hotspotshawaii.com/Wolphin.html

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Porpoises: Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) can conceive offspring. According to Baird et al (1998) many individuals with intermediate pigmentation have been observed, indicating that such offspring may be viable:
"Atypically-pigmented porpoises (usually traveling with and behaving like Dall's porpoise) are regularly observed in the area around southern
Vancouver Island. We suggest these abnormally-pigmented animals, as well as the previously noted fetus from California, may also represent hybridization events."
http://www.dal.ca/~whitelab/rwb/hybrid.htm [Abstract and full article in PDF]
To se video and audio of Porpoises: http://www.junglewalk.com/popup.asp?type=v&AnimalvideoID=150 [Harbor porpoises]
http://encarta.msn.com/Porpoise.html
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The Great Whales [fin whale x blue whale]:
Spilliaert R, Vikingsson G, Arnason U, Palsdottir A, Sigurjonsson J, Arnason A. Species hybridization between a female blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and a male fin whale (B. physalus): molecular and morphological documentation. J Hered. 1991 Jul-Aug;82(4):269-74.
"In 1986 a large, pregnant, female balaenopterid whale was caught in Icelandic waters. The animal had morphological characteristics of both the blue and the fin whale. Molecular analyses of the whale showed that it was a hybrid between a female blue whale and a male fin whale. The descent of the species hybrid was established without access to either parental specimen. Analysis of the fetus showed that it had a blue whale father. The present report of species hybridization between the two largest cetacean species, the blue and the fin whale, documents the occurrence of cetacean species hybridization in the wild. It is also the first example of any cetacean hybridization giving rise to a fertile offspring."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1679066
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Arnason U, Spilliaert R, Palsdottir A, Arnason A. Molecular identification of hybrids between the two largest whale species, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and the fin whale (B. physalus). Hereditas 1991;115(2):183-9.
"Three anomalous balaenopterid whales, one pregnant female and two sterile males, were investigated by applying molecular approaches in order to establish their identity. The analysis showed that the whales were species hybrids between the blue and the fin whales. The female and one of the males had a blue whale mother and a fin whale father. The other male had a fin whale mother and a blue whale father."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1687408

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Berube et al.
Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Mol Ecol. 1998 May;7(5):585-99.
"[Recurrent] gene flow between adjacent populations"
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9633102
Palsboll PJ, Berube M, Aguilar A, Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara G, Nielsen R. Discerning between recurrent gene flow and recent divergence under a finite-site mutation model applied to North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) populations. Evolution Int J Org Evolution 2004 Mar;58(3):670-5.
"Intensive commercial shore-based whaling during the 1920s removed substantial numbers of fin whales in the
Strait of Gibraltar and this local population has seemingly since failed to recover."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15119452
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Page 236-237, National Audubon Society "Guide to Marine Mammals of the World", 2002, Knopf, 528 p.
"Blue Whales are known to occasionally hybridize with Fin Whales, and unlikely as it would seem given the considerable differences in size and morphology between the two species, there is one well-documented report of a Humpback--Blue Whale hybrid from the South Pacific." http://www.cmnh.org/dinoarch/2002Nov/msg00217.html
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375411410/102-6048677-3273719
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The Humpback/Fin hybrid surprises me more, considering the mating rituals and accompanying singing that Humpbacks engage in. But it confirms that Humpbacks are Rorquels, albiet aberrant forms.
http://www.cmnh.org/dinoarch/2002Nov/msg00174.html
Pictures of the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus): http://www.earthwindow.com/blue.html
Pictures of the Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus): http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Balaenoptera_physalus/more_still_images.html
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Grampus griseus (risso's dolphin) x Tursiops truncatus (bottlenose dolphin), intermediate characters suggest hybridization
Taken from: Gray AP (Annie P), Mammalian Hybrids, 1972, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. Book database by 'genus': http://www.bryancore.org/hdb/index.html
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Bobcat and lynx: Bobcats (Lynx rufus) and lynxes (Lynx canadensis) can cross; several such crosses have happened naturally in the wild. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/main/pa/newsclips/03_06/0604_canadalynx.html
Minnesota bobcat-lynx crosses (in PDF): http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/endspp/lynx/Q&As%20final.pdf
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A new variety of snake, product of a cross between an albino corn snake (Elaphe guttata) and an albino king snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) in a reptile park in Bakersfield, California and belongs to David Jolly, Manager of the Information Department, AiG (USA). Apparently it is fertile. http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/docs/v22n3_liger.asp

Corn snakes are one of the most popular pet snakes in North America, and snake fanciers have bred all sorts of colour variations: http://members.aol.com/guttata319/Hawkherp/morfs.html

To Download some 10 Free e-Books, mainly dealing with reptiles and amphibians: http://www.herper.com/ebooks/titles.html

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Even the finches on the Galapagos and on any other different habitat are able to mate and to produce fertile young, showing conclusively that there are not different species of finches but merely varieties of the same species. Finches mate naturally, as studies by Peter and Rosemary Grant have proved. Here once more, the fallibility on using the concept of "Species" is due to human ignorance. Evolutionary thinking attempts to confuse uninformed readers with their presuppositions and their inaccurate 'basic definitions.'

"Raise a baby male zebra finch with a Bengalese mother finch, and the zebra finch will grow up to ignore female zebra finches but devotedly court Bengalese finches (Bischof 1994)." http://www.ratbehavior.org/Hybridization.htm

'Speciation' does not occurred in the present or in the past, neither 'evolution'.
"You can never solve a problem on the level on which it was created." "A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be." Albert Einstein.
"Most of these six ground finches will interbreed, and the hybrids are fertile, meaning they can also breed among themselves. This information is quite startling because it means that these six species may actually be one species. And the actual degree of change is quite miniscule. The average beak size may change by only a half a millimeter from dry to wet season. These six finches are also indistinguishable in their mtDNA. As an icon of evolution, the finches are far less than hoped for."

Fragment from: "The Galapagos Islands: Evolution's Sacred Ground, by Ray Bohlin, Ph.D." http://www.probe.org/docs/galapagos.html

The fact that evolution is not true can be seen also in those finches, they are of the same real species or kind: "fertile parents = fertile offspring." Nothing is 'evolving' beyond the natural limits established within the species:
Darwin's Avian Muses Continue To Evolve. Carl Zimmer. Science 26 April 2002; 296: 633-635.
http://www.carlzimmer.com/articles/2002/articles_2002_Finch.html
"The two species on Daphne Major can and sometimes do interbreed, and their hybrids--far from being mule-like reproductive dead ends--are a source of fresh genetic variability." "Interbreeding may be one of the secrets... hybrids may be an unrecognized factor..." "...five male cactus finches for every female. A few desperate males mated with female ground finches, which then produced perfectly healthy and fertile hybrids." "As a result, ground finch genes are flowing into the cactus finch gene pool--a process called introgression--making their beaks blunter." "Other biologists are surprised that two distantly related species can produce healthy hybrids..." "This new source of genetic diversity makes it easier for a species with donated genes to adapt to a changing environment, the Grants claim."


In the words of the researchers themselves:
Grant PR, Grant BR. Genetics and the origin of bird species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Jul 22;94(15):7768-75. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/15/7768
"...the populations are only partly reproductively isolated, interbreeding occurs, and some of the hybrids survive to breed" "...species hybridize, rarely, and are capable of producing fertile hybrids that backcross to the parental species" "...interbreeding of species and the breeding of hybrids ..."
[Refs: Grant, P. R. & Grant, B. R. (1992) Science 256, 193-197; Grant, P. R. & Grant, B. R. (1997) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60, 317-343; Grant, B. R. & Grant, P. R. (1997) in Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, eds. Howard, D. J. & Berlocher, S. H. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford)]
"...field observations of natural hybridization have been made on the islands of Daphne Major"
[Grant, P. R. (1993) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 340, 127-139, Grant, P. R. & Price, T. D. (1981) Am. Zool. 21, 795-811, Boag, P. T. & Grant, P. R. (1984) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22, 243-287]
" and [the island] Genovesa"
[Grant, B. R. & Grant, P. R. (1989) Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population: The Large Cactus Finch of the Galapagos (Univ.
Chicago Press, Chicago)].
"These show that all six species of
Darwin's ground finches (genus Geospiza) hybridize (rarely) with at least one other congeneric species. In addition some intergeneric crosses are known among the tree finches and warbler finch, and breeding hybrids have been produced"
[Grant, P. R. (1986) Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J.), Bowman, R. I. (1983) in Patterns of Evolution in Gal�pagos Organisms, eds. Bowman, R. I., Berson, M. & Leviton, A. E. (American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco), pp. 237-537].
On Daphne Major Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) hybridizes with G. scandens (cactus finch), another resident species, and G. fuliginosa (small ground finch), an uncommon immigrant. Contrary to expectation from the reinforcement hypothesis, hybrids formed by Geospiza fortis breeding with G. scandens and G. fuliginosa are both viable and fertile to a degree similar to that of the contemporary offspring of conspecific matings; so are the first two generations of backcrosses" "Backcrossing negates the hypothesis of speciation occurring entirely in allopatry." "In tests of several species the discrimination was often weak, implying that song difference, by itself, would not be sufficient to prevent interbreeding."
"At the point of ring closure or overlap where two populations establish secondary contact they do not interbreed, or do so extremely rarely; e.g., herring gull and lesser black-backed gull. A cross-fostering experiment with these gulls showed that, as in Darwin's finches, misimprinted birds are capable of producing viable hybrids, i.e., once the premating isolating mechanism is broken"
[Harris, M. P. (1970) Ibis 112, 488-498; Harris, M. P., Morley, C. & Green, G. H. (1978) Bird Study 25, 161-166]

From the Abstract:

"Ideas about the genetics of speciation in general trace back to Dobzhansky who worked with Drosophila. These ideas are an insufficient guide for reconstructing speciation in birds " " the genetic basis to the origin of bird species is to be sought in the inheritance of adult traits " "The genetic basis of the origin of postmating isolating factors affecting the early development of embryos (viability) and reproductive physiology (sterility) is almost completely unknown. Bird speciation is facilitated by small population size, involves few genetic changes, and occurs relatively rapidly."

[My comment: Here "sub-speciation" is been sold as "speciation" in order to keep the 'double-talk', 'weak and confusing terminologies', and the illusory concepts of 'evolution', but the full text, as demonstrated before, presents a different picture in which different 'species' of Galapagos finches interbreed and produce fertile offspring, being then, not different 'species' but the same 'species'. The error being in the superficial morphological classification done by Darwin, Haeckel and by others, instead of being based on the ancient definition of "kind" ("fertile progenitors yielding fertile little ones that in its time will breed fertile offspring"). The real 'Species' can not only be defined morphologically. Sub-speciation is the real variation within species. Sub-speciation is deliberately confounded with 'speciation', which is the evolutionist speculation of the fictitious 'jumping' of one species to be transmutated into another species. The best test is the original definition of kind, which can be applied to the word 'Species': "Fertile parents producing fertile offspring", implying the need of the reproductive 'fertility test' also for the offspring. 'Evolution' tries to confound the unlearned with tricky and weak definitions of 'species' to walk around and aside from the simple and original truth present in the word 'kind' that we found in the Bible.]


Some of the Grant's recent works:
Grant PR, Grant BR, Keller LF, Markert JA, Petren K. Inbreeding and interbreeding in
Darwin's finches. Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2003 Dec;57(12):2911-6.


Markert JA, Grant PR, Grant BR, Keller LF, Coombs JL, Petren K. Neutral locus heterozygosity, inbreeding, and survival in
Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza fortis and G. scandens). Heredity 2004 Apr;92(4):306-15.


Keller LF, Grant PR, Grant BR, Petren K. Environmental conditions affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression in survival of
Darwin's finches. Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2002 Jun;56(6):1229-39.

To see pictures of those interfertile finches: http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Pictures/LandBirds/FinchTypes.jpeg

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The male 'cama':
Veterinarians in the
United Arab Emirates successfully cross-bred a camel and a llama: The 'cama' has the cloven hooves of a llama and the short ears and tail of a camel. The scientists hope to combine the best qualities of both into the one animal ... the superior fleece and calmer temperament of the llama with the larger size of the camel.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/docs/v22n3_liger.asp

http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9801/20/cama.ap
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"Skidmore said they won't know whether Rama can reproduce until he reaches puberty in about 18 months to two years... may live 20 or even 30 years if all goes well, and when fully grown should weigh midway between a llama's average weight of 75 kilos and a camel's 450 kilos." http://www.datadubai.com/cama1.htm
http://www.datadubai.com/cama2.htm
"A third camel-llama cross, the second male, born January of '03": http://www.taylorllamas.com/Camel-LamaCrossPhotos.html
Skidmore JA, Billah M, Binns M, Short RV, Allen WR. Hybridizing Old and
New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999. [From Abstract: "...a male, was born prematurely but alive after a 328-day gestation. It had a phenotypic appearance intermediate between that of a camel and a guanaco and its hybrid parentage was confirmed by the DNA fingerprinting of eight llama microsatellites. To our knowledge, this is the first viable hybrid ever to be produced between Old World and New World camelids..."]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10331286
Skidmore JA, Billah M, Short RV, Allen WR. Assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2001;13(7-8):647-52. [From Abstract: "The camelid family comprises the
Old World camelids (or dromedary and Bactrian camels) and the New World camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). Although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between New and Old World camelids has been reported."]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10331286
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The female 'cama':
"Like a mule or hinny, the hybrid between a horse and donkey, she is likely to be sterile... born after 343 days which is within the typical gestation period for the llama (335-360 days), but is much shorter than the camel's (385-395 days)... weighed only 5kg at birth. This is less than a newborn llama which weighs around 10kg and much less than a newborn camel at 30kg. It is a striking illustration of how the size of the mother controls the size of the newborn, irrespective of the size of the father... It seems that it is easier for the female llama to conceive from camel semen than for the female camel to conceive from llama semen." http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=43065

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" Lama glama, the llama; Lama pacos, the alpaca; Lama guanicoe, the Guanaco; and Vicugna vicugna, the Vicuna.
They will interbreed and do produce fertile hybrids." http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/other-w.htm
http://www.fungus.org.uk/camelids.htm
"The Incas domesticated the guanaco to produce the llama and the vicuna to produce the alpaca. All four of these New World camelids can readily be made to hybridise with each other." http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=43065
http://www.taylorllamas.com/Camel-LamaCrossPhotos.html
"Llamas, guanacos, alpacas and vicunas can interbreed and should therefore be pastured separately."
http://www.llama-llocater.com/llama_facts.html
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Bactrian Camel x Dromedary Camels
"The Bactrian and Dromedary Camels can interbreed. The resulting offspring has a single, elongated hump that extends the length of its back. http://camelphotos.com/camel_breeds.html
http://www.exoticdeer.org/blaschke2b.htm
Arabian camel x Bactrian camel: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/camels.htm
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Ibex x goats:
There are several different species of ibex -- Alpine (or European), Nubian (or Arabian), Siberian (or Asiatic) and walia (or Abyssinian). In
Texas, the most common "ibex" is the Iranian ibex, which is not a true ibex, although they are closely related enough to allow interbreeding. A cousin species is the Spanish ibex, which, like the Iranian and the "true" ibex species, can interbreed with domestic and wild goats. Hybrids are quite common, and some crosses have become well-enough established to earn the designation of "Texas ibex." http://www.exoticdeer.org/blaschke2b.htm
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The Plains zebras are also sub-species (Grants x Damaraland cross). The difference is in their striping pattern and range. They can interbreed and have fertile offspring. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/2905/zebxing.html


Zebra born without the stripes in Nairobi, Kenya
Veterinarians have yet to determine the gender of the baby zebra but have determined that it is about 4 weeks old. The purebred zebra is also apparently fitting in with its black and white herd and can be seen hopping and prancing around. Experts do not plan to take the zebra away from its mom or the herd but plan to study it as it grows up.

Stripeless Zebra Puzzles Experts: http://www.local6.com/news/2999935/detail.html
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The American and European bison can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, they have clear differences in their physical characteristics, and geographical separation for a long time.
http://www.csew.com/cattletag/Cattle%20Website/Fact_Sheets/American_Bison/American_Bison.htm
More pictures of European bison (Bison bonasus): http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bonasus.html
More pictures of American Bison (Bison bison): http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bison.html
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Guinea pigs:
Cavia cutleri m x Cavia porcellus, fertile viable F1 hybrids.
Cavia fulgida x Cavia porcellus, sterile viable F1 hybrids, however, Detlefsen reports fertile hybrids in the wild.
Taken from: Gray AP, Mammalian Hybrids, 1972, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks,
England. Book database by 'genus': http://www.bryancore.org/hdb/index.html
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Northeastern coyotes, product of hybridization between Canadian wolves and Western coyotes:
http://www.wildlifetech.com/pages/necoyote.htm
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Red wolves:
Reich DE, Wayne RK, Goldstein DB. Genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. Mol Ecol. 1999 Jan;8(1):139-44:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9919703
Also "red wolf/coyote hybrid litters were born":
http://www.geocities.com/kanamist/Redwolf.

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